One of the concerns for the executive organizations to introduce an alternative plan of rest of the Hyrcanian forests is to make decision regarding the exit of coarse woody DEBRIS (CWD) volume from the Hyrcanian forests. The research was carried out in the permanent plot with 400 m2 based on the protocols of the comprehensive research plan enacted by Agricultural research Education and Extension organization in Iran. Within each plot beneath the CWDs over than height of 1.5 m and dimensions of 7.5 cm, the ORGANIC accumulations resulted from the decay trend were sampled. Besides, the soils mineral layer up to 10 cm depth were sampled after removing the ORGANIC accumulations, and were transported to the laboratory. The results of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) showed that beneath the CWDs including higher ORGANIC accumulations, amount of the ORGANIC carbon and the nutrients were lower in the substrate soil mineral layer. Furthermore, the results of Spearman test indicated that amounts of ORGANIC carbon and nutrients in the ORGANIC and substrate mineral layers were independent of each other (P > 0.05), and amounts of the ORGANIC carbon with Nitrogen were significantly correlated (P < 0.01). Also, the results of two-way PERMANOVA test indicated that interactions of form, species and decay of the CWDs in the study sites were not significantly effective on the ORGANIC carbon under the CWDs.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), ORGANIC (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil ORGANIC carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the ORGANIC agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the ORGANIC agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the ORGANIC and sustainable agricultural system was application of ORGANIC matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

Space DEBRIS is considered a serious problem for space operational missions. Many methods of capturing space DEBRIS have been proposed in the last decade and have been tested by various ground-based and sub-orbital flight methods. Space DEBRIS is usually an unusual and unknown object, and capturing and collecting them differs significantly from the objectives of conventional space missions in orbit and is considerably challenging. One of the most important considerations is how to safely capture and remove the unusual and unknown target without generating other space DEBRIS. In this article, we have tried to present the different methods and activities performed for the capturing of space DEBRIS along with their advantages and disadvantages.

A B S T R A C TMonitoring the performance and environmental changes caused by deposited floods play an important role in land planning and management. Monson's rains in summer 1401 occurred in large areas of Iran, which in the Astran Mountain created a flood of deposits. It also had significant morphological changes to the most important river in the area  and damaged the water transfer facilities of the cities of Azna and Aligudarz . Nowadays, radar methods are effective in studying qualitative and quantitative dimensions of deposited flows, with high accuracy and low cost, and this study is also for tracking the origin of deposits-ally from radar and Sentinel-1 and index data (NDSI) to evaluate the impact of sudden snow melting. Used in snowmelts in the area. The results indicated the sudden melting of snowmelts in the area due to Monson's rainfall, which played an important role in the creation of a deposited-water flood. The flow through the glacier valleys of the area, the plant's sediments and remnants of the area were transferred to water transfer facilities and caused a lot of damage to them. Radar analysis of water zones also showed that the Kamandan Dam before the flooding phase has prevented more serious damage to the downstreamExtended AbstractIntroductionNatural hazards can affect living beings and especially humans in various scales. Also, geomorphological hazards are considered one of its most important sub-sections. Also, it is necessary to record information such as: magnitude, frequency, extent of the area, speed of onset, spatial distribution and time interval for each of the geomorphic hazards. Every year DEBRIS floods cause great damages to humans and significant geomorphic changes in the mountaneous basins. DEBRIS floods carry a lot of sediments along with the remains of plants, trees and large boulders for a long distance and in a short time, they have the ability to cause significant human and financial losses in the downstream areas. In general, a flash flood phenomenon has three parts: 1- source area, 2- transfer area, and 3- accumulation area. Monitoring and environmental changes caused by DEBRIS floods play an important role in planning and managing land use. ongoing land use and climate changes increases the frequency of DEBRIS floods. Due to complexity of flood DEBRIS occurance mechanism, it attract many researchers attentions.Since, the DEBRIS floods in mountainous areas, contain glacial sediments, it also called DEBRIS-glacial floods. The researchers identify the heavy rains that happened in a short period of time and the melting of snowdrifts and the sudden increase in air temperature in the mountainous areas as the main driving factors for the occurrence of devastating DEBRIS floods. Tracing the origin of glacial sediment production in flood in different parts of a mountain can help us in the implementation of protection plans to identify sediment production areas and prevent their transfer in subsequent floods to the downstream areas. One of the technologies for tracking and monitoring DEBRIS-glacial floods is the use of interferometric radar. One of the techniques used in interferometric radar is the use of offset tracking, that its efficienvy is proven in the studies related to monitoring glaciers, landslides, and moving dunes. Monsoon rains in the summer of 1401 occurred in large areas of Iran, which caused avalanche-glacial floods in Oshtorankuh. In this study, the interferometric method was used to trace the origin of the DEBRIS flood event occur at july 2022 in Oshtorankuh area located in eastern Lorestan. Materials and methodsThe type of this sudy is applied-developmental research and its method is analytical-field. The input data used for this research is Sentinel 1A_IW-GRDH data in two ascending and descending orbits for use in offset tracking and McVitie techniques and Sentinel-2A data for use in the NDSI index. The offset tracking technique was used to determine the places in the Oshtorankuh with the most sediment mass displacement. This method is based on the calculation of the displacement in the pixel unit using the optimization of the mutual correlation between the pair of images resulting from the phase intensity of the SAR data. Also, the Normalized-Difference Snow Index (NDSI) was used to monitor the condition of the snow reserves of Oshtorankuh before and after the monsoon rains. This index is based on low reflectance in the mid-infrared and high reflectance in the visible region, which can distinguish snow-covered areas from non-snowy and cloudy areas. McVittie technique was used to determine the situation and prepare a flood map downstream of the Kamandan basin. Result and discussionBy using the offset tracking technique, the soil masses displacemant after the northeast monsoon rains of Oshtorankuh (Kamandan) in two descending orbits and ascending orbits were identified and analyzed. The results show that the highest recorded values are due to displacement tracking belonging to the cirques, snowdrifts, and glacial deposits of Oshtorankuh. Also, the highest displacement and speed of movement related to the sediments of Kol-e Geno Cirque and Aznadar glacial deposits are located in and at the lower levels of the sediments in Kol Jeno and Aznader glacial valleys. From this event, the V shape (interglacial period) was in the U-shaped bed (glacial period), it has given its place again to the U shape (caused by the sediments carried by the DEBRIS flow). Also, the changes in snow cover before and after the monsoon rains were poreover, the results revealed melting of all the snowfields located around the cirques and glacier valleys of Kol-e Geno and Eznader ranges in the period. Also, the morphological responses of the waterways to the DEBRIS-glacial flood event were not the identical, and some responded by digging or filling. Another point is that the degree of sphericity and poor compaction of the sediments transported by the DEBRIS flood shows that there are few channel erosions in them and most of them are from the glacial sedimentary deposits of this mountain such as the end parts of the cirques and moraines. This dangerous event also caused a lot of damage to the water conceyancy structures and canals from this region to Aliguderz and Azna. The condition of the downstream basin and the recently drained Kamdan Dam showed the retention effect of this structure on preventing the flooding of the downstream parts. ConclusionNowadays, the use of interferometric radar in monitoring environmental changes has become a popular and practical tool. In this research, it was found that it is possible to evaluate and identify the displacement and origin of sediment deposits, as well, quantify their speed and movement patterns using interferometric radar and the Offset tracking technique. The monsoon event occurred at July 2022 leads to sudden melting of the snowfields in Oshtorankuh played and a flash floods along with glacial deposits. But field evidence showed that waterway responses to this event is not identical. Considering that this region plays an important role in supplying water to its neighboring cities and some regions of central Iran, the results of this research can be used in the management and supply of water resources and the management of torrential floods to reduce possible damages to water transmission channels. The evaluation of the floodplains in the lower basin shows that the dams can be at risk of being filled with deposited sediments. Therefore, it is requested that the potential of a deposited flood be taken into account in the location stage. Although Kamandan reservoir stored a significant part of the flood and prevented damage to the residential and agricultural areas downstream of the dam. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The medicinal plant Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is cultivated all over the world due to its economic and ornamental potential and its wide application in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. To investigate the effect of abscisic acid foliar application on increasing drought stress tolerance in Munstead ORGANIC cultivar, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block with three replications in the Faculty of Plant Production of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran in year 2016-2017. Experimental treatments were considered at four levels of irrigation regimes (including 90-100, 70-80, 50-60, and 30-40% of field capacity(FC)) and three levels of abscisic acid foliar application (including zero, 15, and 30 mM/l). Data analysis showed that the highest percentage of the essential oil (1.18%) was obtained in 15 μM abscisic acid and 30-40%FC. While the highest yield of the essential oil (0.055 g/plant) was related to the application of 30 μM abscisic acid in 70-80%FC. The category of the essential oil components also showed that out of 26 identified components, six compounds were hydrocarbon monoterpene, 10 compounds were oxygen monoterpene, six compounds were hydrogen peroxide and four components were oxygen sedimentation. With increasing drought, stress, the amount of hydrocarbon and oxygen monoterpene compounds decreased, but hydrocarbon and oxygen sesquiterpene compounds increased. The results also showed that the highest amount of limonene (10%) was obtained from adding 15 μM abscisic acid in irrigation of 70-80%FC. The highest amounts of camphor (10.47%) and bernoulli (51.58%) were achieved in complete irrigation and non-use of abscisic acid. However, the highest amounts of cariofillenoxide (7.80%) and α-Muurolene (24.90%) was observed in 30 μM abscisic acid and 60-50%FC and in 30 μM abscisic acid and 30-40%FC, respectively. Overall, it was found that foliar application of abscisic acid under drought stress 30-40%FC, could increase the percentage of the essential oils and sesquiterpene compounds to cope with drought conditions in lavender.

The effect of fire on vegetation of semi-arid steppe has not been studied extensively. Wildfires are rare in some steppe rangelands because of high levels of large herbivore grazing. However, grazing is sometimes restricted or excluded in areas such as national parks or the areas where afforestation projects are conducted. Therefore, sometimes, wildfires occur during the dormant season when litter (the uppermost layer of ORGANIC DEBRIS on the soil surface; essentially the freshly fallen or slightly decomposed vegetal material) mass has resulted in peak levels. Our study assessed the effects of a single fire on litter mass, forage production, and forage crude protein, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) in high altitude rangelands of Eastern Anatolia. We found significant effects of treatment (fire and no fire), years, and sampling date on all variables. Following the prescribed fire in 2011, litter mass and forage production was less in treated plots compared to untreated control plots during both years. The effect of the fire on litter and forage production was more pronounced in 2012 compared to 2013. The effects of the fire on forage quality variables were also greater in 2012 than in 2013. Forage crude protein levels were consistently higher in treated plots during all 2012 sampling periods. Similarly, NDF and ADF tended to be lower in treated plots relative to the control plots during 2012. All effects we found were more pronounced in the first growing season following the fire compared to the second growing season, suggesting a relatively transient nature of fire effects in the steppe vegetation we studied.

Earthquakes can lead to different levels of damages and subsequently produce significant volume of DEBRIS. Management of such huge amount of DEBRIS needs special attention. Thus, it is vital to develop a comprehensive and cost-effective management plan. The present study was carried out to estimate post-earthquake DEBRIS volume in the 22 districts of Tehran under various earthquake scenarios [magnitudes of 5, 6.5, and 7.5 on the moment magnitude (M W) scale]. Subsequently, required machineries and manpower and equipment for removal of DEBRIS were calculated. Finally, best practical methods for reduction and recycling were also examined. The shortest routes for transportation of post-earthquake to disposal sites were also proposed using network analysis. Results showed that about 83, 321 and 4802 million cubic meters of DEBRIS will be generated at 5, 6.5 and 7.5 M W, respectively. Disposal site of about 13 km2 is marked within the area of study for the management of DEBRIS. Preparedness, emergency operations, rehabilitation and reconstruction are among the main activities that can reduce the earthquake-induced damages.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to compare the amount of apical DEBRIS extrusion after preparation using hand files, reciprocating files, and full rotary nickel-titanium systems. Methods and Materials: One hundred extracted human mandibular molars with two separated canals in mesial root were divided into five groups and prepared using reciprocating systems (Reciproc file and Safesider endodontic reamers file), full rotary systems (Mtwo and Neoniti A1 files) and hand instrumentation systems. Endodontic access was prepared and a #15 K-file was passed beyond the apex of the mesiobuccal canal by 1 mm to ensure the canal patency. All mesiobuccal canals were prepared 1 mm shorter than the anatomic apex. In each case, extruded DEBRIS was collected in an Eppendorf tube and weighed after desiccation. The mean weight of extruded material was calculated in each group. The analysis was carried out using the Kruskal– Wallis test followed by two tailed and Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of 0. 05. The Bonferroni correction was also applied to correct multiple comparisons. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the reciprocal and other techniques in DEBRIS extrusion (P<0. 05). The order of groups ranked in terms of DEBRIS extrusion from the lowest to highest was as follows: 1) Hand instrumentation group (with crown down technique), 2) Mtwo group, 3) Neoniti A1 group, 4) Safesider endodontic reamer group, and 5) Reciproc group. Conclusion: Based on this in vitro study, all systems have some apical DEBRIS extrusion; however, using the hand instrumentation system resulted in extrusion of significantly less DEBRIS compared to the Reciproc group. It seems that hand and rotary instrumentation systems are better than reciprocating instrumentation systems in terms of the amount of DEBRIS extrusion.